Suzanne Noël (1879-1954) - Pionera en la práctica de la Cirugía Estética y en la defensa de los derechos de las mujeres / Suzanne Noël (1879-1954) - Pioneer in the practice of Aesthetic Surgery and in the defense of women's rights

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Lactancia materna y feminismo: recorrido social y cultural en España / Breastfeeding and feminism: social and cultural journey in Spain / Breastfeeding and feminism: social and cultural journey in Spain

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Analizar la influencia de cambios socio-políticos, educativos y feministas de España en el mantenimiento de lactancia materna. MÉTODO Revisión histórico-descriptiva de documentación en bases de datos, Boletines Oficiales del Estado, del Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo y Bienestar Social. RESULTADOS La lactancia materna es un fenómeno complejo influenciado por factores demográficos, biológicos, sociales y psicológicos. Ha cambiado a lo largo de la historia y, evolucionado con los movimientos feministas. La incorporación de la mujer al mercado laboral (s.XIX), produjo una modificación en el rol familiar y pareja. La sociedad del siglo XXI reclama a los poderes públicos la conciliación personal y laboral para la crianza de sus hijos. CONCLUSIONES E IMPLICACIÓN PARA LA PRÁCTICA Han sido múltiples los factores y procesos evolutivos para la situación socio-cultural de la mujer en la lactancia materna. Actualmente sigue siendo complicado compaginar gestación y crianza con el empleo, las redes formales e informales permiten avances en políticas sanitarias.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar a influência das mudanças sócio-políticas, educativas e feministas em Espanha na manutenção do aleitamento materno. MÉTODO Revisão histórico-descritiva da documentação em bases de dados, Boletins Oficiais do Estado, do Ministério da Saúde e do Consumo e da Previdência Social. RESULTADOS O aleitamento materno é um fenómeno complexo influenciado por factores demográficos, biológicos, sociais e psicológicos. Ela mudou ao longo da história e evoluiu com os movimentos feministas. A incorporação das mulheres ao mercado de trabalho (século XIX), produziu uma modificação no papel da família e do casal. A sociedade do século XXI exige do poder público a conciliação pessoal e laboral para a educação dos seus filhos. CONCLUSÕES E IMPLICAÇÕES PARA A PRÁTICA Tem havido múltiplos factores e processos evolutivos para a situação sociocultural das mulheres em aleitamento materno. Hoje em dia, ainda é complicado combinar gravidez e educação com emprego, e as redes formais e informais permitem avanços nas políticas de saúde.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the influence of socio-political, educational and feminist changes in Spain on the maintenance of breastfeeding. METHOD Historical-descriptive review of documentation in databases, Official State Bulletins, of the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare. RESULTS Breastfeeding is a complex phenomenon influenced by demographic, biological, social and psychological factors. It has changed throughout history and evolved with the feminist movements. The incorporation of women to the labor market (19th century), produced a modification in the family and couple role. The society of the 21st century demands from the public authorities the personal and labor conciliation for the upbringing of their children. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE There have been multiple factors and evolutionary processes for the socio-cultural situation of women in breastfeeding. Nowadays, it is still complicated to combine pregnancy and upbringing with employment, and formal and informal networks allow advances in health policies.

[May '68 revolution and gender post-feminism]. / La revolución de mayo del 68 y el postfeminismo de género.

Gender was an important component in the May '68 revolution. However, what was originally proposed as an effort for equality and the defense of the legitimate prerogatives of women, evolved into a movement, gender post-feminism, which it set aside their real interests and needs, pursuing other, even contradictory, goals. This article tries to justify the previous statement, starting from some of the main currents of thought what were at the base of the revolution.

La revolución de mayo del 68 y el postfeminismo de género / May '68 revolution and gender post-feminism

La cuestión del género fue un componente importante en la revolución de mayo del 68. No obstante, lo que originariamente se planteó como una lucha por la igualdad y la defensa de las legítimas prerrogativas de las mujeres, evolucionó hacia un movimiento, el postfeminismo de género, que dejó de lado los intereses y necesidades reales de éstas, persiguiendo otros objetivos, incluso contradictorios. El presente trabajo intenta justificar la anterior afirmación, partiendo de algunas de las principales corrientes de pensamiento que estuvieron en la base de la revolución

Gender was an important component in the May '68 revolution. However, what was originally pro-posed as an effort for equality and the defense of the legitimate prerogatives of women, evolved into a movement, gender post-feminism, which it set aside their real interests and needs, pursuing other, even contradictory, goals. This article tries to justify the previous statement, starting from some of the main currents of thought what were at the base of the revolution

The Contraceptive Pill in Ireland c.1964-79: Activism, Women and Patient-Doctor Relationships.

The twentieth-century history of men and women's attempts to gain access to reproductive health services in the Republic of Ireland has been significantly shaped by Ireland's social and religious context. Although contraception was illegal in Ireland from 1935 to 1979, declining family sizes in this period suggest that many Irish men and women were practising fertility control measures. From the mid-1960s, the contraceptive pill was marketed in Ireland as a 'cycle regulator'. In order to obtain a prescription for the pill, Irish women would therefore complain to their doctors that they had heavy periods or irregular cycles. However, doing so could mean going against one's faith, and also depended on finding a sympathetic doctor. The contraceptive pill was heavily prescribed in Ireland during the 1960s and 1970s as it was the only contraceptive available legally, albeit prescribed through 'coded language'. The pill was critiqued by men and women on both sides of the debate over the legalisation of contraception. Anti-contraception activists argued that the contraceptive pill was an abortifacient, while both anti-contraception activists and feminist campaigners alike drew attention to its perceived health risks. As well as outlining these discussions, the paper also illustrates the importance of medical authority in the era prior to legalisation, and the significance of doctors' voices in relation to debates around the contraceptive pill. However, in spite of medical authority, it is clear that Irish women exercised significant agency in gaining access to the pill.

Progress toward gender equality in the United States has slowed or stalled.

We examine change in multiple indicators of gender inequality for the period of 1970 to 2018. The percentage of women (age 25 to 54) who are employed rose continuously until ∼2000 when it reached its highest point to date of 75%; it was slightly lower at 73% in 2018. Women have surpassed men in receipt of baccalaureate and doctoral degrees. The degree of segregation of fields of study declined dramatically in the 1970s and 1980s, but little since then. The desegregation of occupations continues but has slowed its pace. Examining the hourly pay of those aged 25 to 54 who are employed full-time, we found that the ratio of women's to men's pay increased from 0.61 to 0.83 between 1970 and 2018, rising especially fast in the 1980s, but much slower since 1990. In sum, there has been dramatic progress in movement toward gender equality, but, in recent decades, change has slowed and on some indicators stalled entirely.

En el centenario del fallecimiento de Manuel Tolosa Latour, pionero de la pediatría higiénico-social y divulgativa. Contribuciones a la incorporación de la mujer en el espacio público español de principios del siglo XX / On the centenary of the passing of Manuel Tolosa Latour, pioneer of hygienic-social and divulgative paediatrics. Contributions to the incorporation of women into the Spanish public space at the beginning of the 20th century

En este trabajo se conmemora el centenario de la muerte de Manuel Tolosa Latour (1857-1919), médico madrileño, uno de los pioneros en la formación en España de la pediatría como especialidad médica. Se realiza una búsqueda en repositorios de prensa digitalizada: ABC-Blanco y Negro, La Vanguardia, Hemeroteca Digital de la Biblioteca Nacional de España, Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica y otras fuentes secundarias. El Dr. Tolosa Latour destacó por sus aportaciones científicas, sus iniciativas para la protección de la infancia y sus actividades como higienista reformista, así como por sus acciones en el ámbito institucional, social y legislativo. Contribuyó decisivamente a la formulación y aprobación de la Ley de Protección a la Infancia de 1904, primera ley proteccionista en España, conocida como Ley Tolosa Latour. Creó sanatorios marítimos y de montaña. Trabajó en el Hospital del Niño Jesús en sus comienzos, en la primera Gota de Leche de Madrid. Participó y presidió sociedades científicas, entre ellas la entonces recién creada Sociedad de Pediatría de Madrid. Contribuyó a dar visibilidad internacional a la medicina española de los niños. Manuel Tolosa, junto con Elisa Mendoza, su mujer, y su entorno familiar y profesional más cercano, contribuyeron al desarrollo de redes de protección social a la infancia, y también a dar cauce para que la mujer ganara presencia en el espacio público

This article commemorates the centenary of the passing of Manuel Tolosa Latour (1857-1919), a doctor from Madrid, one of the pioneers in the creation of paediatrics as a medical speciality in Spain. A search is made in digital press repositories: ABC-Blanco y Negro, La Vanguardia, Hemeroteca Digital de la BNE, Biblioteca Virtual de Prensa Histórica and other secondary sources. Tolosa stood out for its scientific contributions, for its initiatives for the protection of children, for its activities as a reformist hygienist, as well as for its actions in the institutional, social and legislative spheres. He contributed decisively to the formulation and approval of the Child Protection Law of 1904, the first protectionist law in Spain, known as the Tolosa Latour Law. He created maritime and mountain sanatoriums. He worked in the Hospital del Niño Jesús in its beginnings, in the first Gota de Leche of Madrid. He participated and chaired scientific societies, among them the recently created Pediatrics Society of Madrid. He contributed to give international visibility to Spanish children's medicine. Manuel Tolosa, together with Elisa Mendoza, his wife, and their closest family and professional environment contributed to the development of social protection networks for children, and also, in providing a route for women to gain presence in the public space

A female genealogy of humanitarian action: compassion as a practice in the work of Josephine Butler, Florence Nightingale and Sarah Monod.

Taking the Second Conference of the International Abolitionist Federation as a starting point, this article reconstructs a female genealogy of humanitarian action by shedding light on the transnational connections established by Josephine Butler, Florence Nightingale and Sarah Monod between the abolitionist cause against the state regulation of prostitution and the nursing movement. By using gender and emotion histories as the main methodologies, their letters, journals and drawings are analysed in order to question their alleged natural compassion towards the unfortunate by examining this emotion as a practice performed according to gender, class, religious and ethnic differences. As an expression of maternal imperialism, this essentialist vision provided them with an agency while taking care of victims. However, Butler, Nightingale and Monod's care did not only work in complicity with late-nineteenth century British and French Empires, as it frequently came into conflict with the decisions taken by male authorities, such as those represented by politicians, military officials and physicians. By carefully looking at the conformation of their subjectivities through their written and visual documents, their compassion ultimately appears more as a tactic, for asserting their very different stances concerning Western women's role in society, than as an authentically experienced emotion.

[The first chilean female doctors: Eloísa Díaz Insunza and Ernestina Pérez Barahona]. / Las primeras médicas de Chile y Latinoamérica: Eloísa Díaz Insunza y Ernestina Pérez Barahona.

Dr. Eloísa Díaz Insunza (1866-1950) was the first woman to become a doctor-surgeon in Chile and Latin America in 1887. Less known is her distinguished colleague, Dr. Ernestina Pérez Barahona (1865-1951), the second woman graduated in Chile as a physician, only seven days after Dr. Diaz. Dr. Diaz entered the School of Medicine of the University of Chile in 1881 and Dr. Pérez in 1883. However, both graduated from Bachelor of Medicine and Pharmacy in 1885 and received their degree in 1887. This paper highlights the extraordinary parallelism in their medical studies.